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Sets of Ordered Pairs
Prerequisites
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Sets
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Introduction
• A set is a collection of elements, such as:
• A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
• A set does not have order:
• {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} is the same as {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}
• It is convenient to write the elements of a set in consecutive order, but this is only for convenience.
• Every element in a set is unique, multiples of the same element are ignored:
• The set {1, 2, 2} has a size of 2, and is the same as {1, 2}
Notation
• It is common for sets to be denoted by a uppercase letter, and for its elements to be wrapped in curly braces:k

LaTeX: \mathbf{A} = \{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 \}
• Sets can also be defined using set builder notation:
• A rule is used to show which elements are members of the set:
• The set A defined above would contain all even integers between 0 and 2000.
• The format of the rule is: (formula: conditions) or (formula| conditions).
• If it is not specified as a condition, then it is assumed that a is a real number.
Elements in a set
• Elements in a set are usually represented by a lowercase letter.
• To demonstrate that an element is part of a set, we use the set membership symbol:

LaTeX: \mathbf{a} \in \mathbf{A}
• This can also be done with proper elements:

LaTeX: \1 \in \{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 \}
• To show that an element is not part of a set, we use the 'not member of' symbol:

LaTeX: 6 \notin \{ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 \}
The Empty Set

The Empty Set (or Null Set) is a set containing no items. It is represented by the empty set symbol:

LaTeX: \varnothing = \{\}
Code
A = frozenset([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])

print(1 in A) # prints 'True'
print(6 not in A) # prints 'True'

Important Sets
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Introduction
• Some sets are used so often in mathematics that they are given their own names.
• Z: The set of all integers.
• R: The set of all real numbers.
Integers
• The set of all integers contains all the whole numbers, including negative numbers and 0.
• It is represented by an uppercase bold (or blackboard bold) Z:

LaTeX: \mathbb{Z} = \{ ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... \}
Code
i = 1
print(type(i))  # prints <class 'int'>

Real Numbers
• The set of all real numbers contains every number that is not imaginary. This includes:
• Integers: e.g. 0, 1, 2
• Rational Numbers: Those which can be represented as a fraction, e.g. 0.5, 1.1
• Irrational Numbers: Those which cannot be represented by a fraction, e.g.
• It is represented by an uppercase bold (or blackboard bold) R:

LaTeX: \mathbb{R} = \{ -1, 1.4, \pi \}
Code
Unfortunately we cannot represent irrational numbers using code. Instead we can approximate them as floating point numbers:
r = 1.41421356237
print(type(r))  # prints <class 'float'>

Ordered Pairs
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Introduction
• An ordered pair is simply a pair of objects, e.g. (a, b)
• In an ordered pair, the order matters:
LaTeX:
(\mathbf{a}, \mathbf{b})\neq (\mathbf{b}, \mathbf{a})
\text{ unless }
\mathbf{a} = \mathbf{b}

• This contrasts with the unordered pair, in which (a, b) = (b, a) regardless of the values of a and b.
• An ordered pair is not a type of set. An ordered pair may contain duplicate elements, and its order is important.
Notation
Ordered Pairs are represented by a comma separated pair of elements wrapped in brackets:
a = (1, 2)
LaTeX: \mathbf{a} = (1, 2)
Code
a = (1, 2)
print(a)


Sets of Ordered Pairs
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Introduction
• We have special symbols denoting the set of all integers and the set of all real numbers: Z and R respectively.
• These can be modified to denote the set of all ordered pairs:
• Z2 denotes the set of all ordered pairs of integers.
• R2 denotes the set of all ordered pairs of real numbers.
The set of all ordered pairs of integers
• Z2 contains every possible pair of integers, e.g.
• We can define Z2 in terms of Z using set builder notation:

LaTeX: \mathbb{Z}^2 = \{ (z_1, z_2)\colon z_1, z_2 \in \mathbb{Z} \}
The set of all ordered pairs of real numbers
• R2 contains every possible pair of real numbers, e.g.
• We can define R2 in terms of R using set builder notation:

LaTeX: \mathbb{R}^2 = \{ (r_1, r_2)\colon r_1, r_2 \in \mathbb{R} \}
Higher dimensions
• R and Z can also be extended to higher dimensions:
• To represent the set of all triplets of integers, you can use a superscript of 3:
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